A Selective List of Guides to Foreign Legal Research
Last Updated February 9, 2009
Bynum, Charlotte. Foreign Law: Subject Law Collections on the Web. December 2007.
Germain, Claire M. Germain's Transnational Law Research: A Guide for Attorneys. Ardsley-on-Hudson, NY: Transnational Juris Publications, Inc., c1991- (loose-leaf).
Reference, Comp 077 G317
Georgetown University Law Center, E. B. Williams Library.
Foreign and Comparative Law Research Guide.
Globalex, International, Comparative and Foreign Law Research.
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Flare--Foreign Law Research (Europe)
LLRX International/ Foreign Law Portal
University of Houston Law Center Library. Foreign Primary Law on the Web.
Norman, Paul. Globalex. Comparative Law. April 2006.
Reynolds, Thomas H. and Arturo A. Flores. Foreign Law: Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World. Littleton, CO: F.B. Rothman, 1989.
Reference, K38 .R49 1989 (loose-leaf)
Roznovschi, Mirela. LLRX. Evaluating Foreign and International Legal Databases on the Internet. February 1, 1999.
Rumsey, Mary. Globalex. Basic Guide to Researching Foreign Law. January 2008.
Williams, Jane. Globalex. Sources of Online Legal Information for African Countries. June 2006.
Macoustra, Jane. LLRX.A Web Guide to Free Legal and Compliance Resources on the Asia Pacific Region. June 3, 2002
Dina, Yemisi. Globalex. Guide to Caribbean Law Research.
Grossman, Andrew. Globalex. Finding the Law: the Micro-States and Small Jurisdictions of Europe. February 2005. (Includes Andorra, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican State; the Channel Islands, Gibraltar, Isle of Man, Northern Cyprus; and an addendum including Republika Srpska, Montenegro, Kosovo and Transnistria.)
Winterton, Jules and Elizabeth M. Information Sources in Law. 2nd Ed. London; New Providence, N.J.: Bowker-Saur, c1997.
Reference, Comp 077 In36 1997
Grossman, Andrew. LLRX. Finding the Law: Islamic Law (Sharia). August 11, 2002.
Murgatroyd, Peter. Globalex. Introduction to Researching South Pacific Law. June 2006.
Bird, Ruth. LLRX. Update to Law of the Pacific Islands: A Guide to Web Based Resources. April 15, 2002.
Thorpe, Suzanne. LLRX. Online Legal Information in Denmark, Norway and Sweden--Updated . May24, 2004.
Sial, Omar. Globalex. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Legal System and Research.
Gentry, Mbaresa Veleshnja. Globalex. A Guide to Researching the Albanian Legal System. July 2005.
Touchent, Dahmène. Globalex. Algerian Law Guide. January 2006.
Monge Roffarello, Gisela, Emilse Monge Roffarello, Ezequiel Trajtenberg and Juilo O. Trajtenberg. Globalex. A Research Guide to the Argentine Legal System. January 2006.
Kozameh, Ernesto Nicolás, Julio Trajtenberg, Nicolás Kozameh Jr., and Ezequiel Trajtenberg. LLRX. Guide to the Argentine Executive, Legislative and Judicial System . July 16, 2001.
Arakelyan, Sergey and Anna Margaryan. Globalex.A Legal Research Guide to Armenia. March 2006.
Banks, Cate. Law on the Internet. 2nd Ed. Leichhardt, N.S.W.: Federation Press, 2000. 4th floor, KU33 .B36 2002
Deakin University, Researching Australian law. Sydney: LBC Information Services, 1997.4th floor, KU47 .R47 1997
Kinder, Petal. Globalex. A Guide to Online Research Resources for the Australian Federal Legal System with some Reference to the State Level. November/December 2008.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Australia.
Research One. A Short Guide to Australian Legal Research. April 2005.
Watt, Robert. Concise Legal Research, 4th ed. Sydney: Federation Press, 2004.4 th Floor, KU47 .W37 2004
Oehlboeck, Johannes and Immanuel Gerstner. Globalex. The Austrian Legal System and Laws: A Brief Overview. June 2005.
Gudrat, Fakhri Akperov. LLRX.A Guide to the Republic of Azerbaijan Law Research . January 15, 2002.
Isgandarov, Ramil. Globalex. A Guide to the Republic of Azerbaijan Law Research. September 2006.
Khodosevich, Tatyana and Nadia Shalygina. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Belarus. February 2008.
Mailliet, Christopher. Globalex. Research Guide to Belgian Law. October 2007.
IALS. Library Research Guide: Belgium. 2007.
Skiffington, Karen. Globalex. Finding the Law in Bermuda. May 2005.
Roajac, Mirela. Globalex. A Guide to Legal Research in Bosnia and Herzegovina. December 2005.
Booi, Lubabalo. Globalex. Botswana's Legal System and Legal Research. October 2006.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Brazil.
Passos, Edilenice. Globalex. Doing Legal Research in Brazil. February 2005.
Passos, Edilenice. Doing Legal Research in Brazil. Den Bosch, Netherlands: BookWorld Publications, 2000.
Cellar, Sp.Br 077 P268 2000
Panayatov, Angel, Venelin Dimitrov and Blagomir Minov. Globalex. The Bulgarian Legal System and Legal Research.
Some, Kounkine Augustin. Globalex. Legal Information and Research.
Bizimana, Syldie. Globalex. The Burundi Legal System and Research.
Fombad, Charles Manga. Globalex. Researching Cameroonian Law.
Castel, Jacqueline R. and Omeela K. Latchman. The Practical Guide to Canadian Legal Research. 2nd Ed.Scarborough, Ont.: Carswell, c1996.
3rd Floor Reference, KE250 .C37 1996
Kerr, Margaret Helen. Legal Research: Step by Step. Toronto, Canada: E. Montgomery Publications, 1998.
5th floor, KE250 .K47 1998
Ontario Bar Association. How Do I Find That? Internet Legal Research 2002. Ontario Bar Assocation, Continuing Legal Education, 2002.
3rd Floor, KE252.A66 H69.
Tjaden, Ted. Legal Research and Writing. 2nd Ed. Toronto: Irwin Law, 2004.
5th Floor, KE 250 .T53 2004
Tjaden, Ted. Globalex. Researching Canadian Law. November, 2005.
Tsang, Louise. LLRX. Overview of Sources of Canadian Law on the Web, Update 3 . July 15, 2002.
Yogis, John. Legal Writing and Research Manual. 6th ed. Toronto: Butterworths, 2004.
5th Floor, KE250 .L44 2004
Zivanovic, Aleksandra. Guide to Electronic Legal Research. Markham, Ontario: Butterworths, 2001.
5th floor, KE252 .Z59 2001
Ngarhodjim, Nadjita F. Globalex. An Introduction to the Legal System and Legal Research in Chad. December 2007.
Endress Gómez, Sergio. Globalex. Essential Issues of the Chilean Legal System. November 2005.
Jianxiong, Zhai. LLRX. Judicial Information of the People's Republic of China: A Survey. October 1, 2002.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: China.
Liu, Joan. Globalex. Finding Chinese Law on the Internet. February 2005.
Liu, Joan and Liying Yu. Roaming the Virtual Law Library: A Guide to Online Sources. Law Press China: Beijing, 2004.Cellar, Ch.P 077 M312 2004.
Luo, Wei and Joan Liu. LLRX. A Complete Research Guide to the Laws of the People's Republic of China. January 15, 2003.
McCloy, Bill. Chinese Legal Research at the University of Washington.
Cottrell, Jill. Legal Research: A Guide for Hong Kong Students. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, c1997.Cellar, Ch.HK 077 C829 1997
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Hong Kong.
Ramirez, Antonio. Globalex. An Introduction to Colombian Governmental Institutions and Primary Legal Sources.
Zongwe, Dunia, Francois Butedi and Clement Phebe. Globalex. The Legal System and Research of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): An Overview. December 2007.
Peterson, Roger. Globalex. A Guide to Legal Research in Costa Rica.
Kuecking, Dunja and Milivoje ugić. Globalex. The Croatian Legal System.
Bobek, Michal. Globalex. An Introduction to the Czech Legal System and Legal Resources Online. August 2006.
Blume, Peter. At Finde Ret. Copenhagen: Jurist-og Okonomforbundets Forlag, 2000.Cellar, Den 077 B626 2000
Wandall, Rasmus H. Researching Danish Law. July 2006.
Floren-Romero. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in the Dominican Republic.
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S. Globalex. Egyptian Legal System and Legal Research. October 2006.
Samour, Oscar. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in El Salvador.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Eritrea.
Miil, Kart. LLRX. An Overview of Estonian Law and Web Resources. July 15, 2000.
Glisic, Jelena. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in the Federal Republic of Serbia and Montenegro. May 2005.
Sarvilinna, Sami. Globalex. Finnish Law on the Internet. February 2006.
Barthe, Emmanuel. Globalex. French Law on the Internet--The Basics and Free Resources. May 2005
Cottin, Stéphane and Jérôme Rabenou. Globalex. Researching French Law. December 2007.
Cottin, Stephane and Sophie Moyret. Petit Guide D'Acces A L'Information Juridique Francaise: Pratique de la Recherche Documentaire Juridique . Paris: ADBS Editions, 2000.
Germain, Claire. LLRX. Germain's French Law Guide. August 15, 2001.
Harvard Law School Library. French Legal Research.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: France.
Norman, Paul and Gerry Power. IALS Library Research Guide: France. March 2002.
Szladits, Charles, and Claire Germain. Guide to Foreign Legal Materials: French. 2nd Rev. Ed. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Published for the Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law, Columbia University in the City of New York, 1985.
3rd Fl Reference and Cellar, Fr 010 Sz41 1985
Tanguy, Yann. La Recherche Documentaire en Droit. 1. Ed. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, c1991.
Cellar, Fr 077 T156
Aladashvili, Irma. Globalex. Guide to Georgian Legal Research. February 2005.
Exter, Rita and Martina Kammer. Globalex. Legal Research in Germany between Print and Electronic Media: An Overview. February 2008.
Harvard Law School Library, Introduction to German Legal Research.
Kammer, Martina and Anne Scharrenberg. Globalex. German Business and Commercial Laws: Guide to Translations into English and Select Auxiliary Sources. February 2005.
Kearley, Timothy, and Wolfram Fischer. Charles Szladits' Guide To Foreign Legal Materials: German. 2nd Rev. Ed. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Published for the Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law, Columbia University in the City of New York by Oceana Publications, c1990.
Reference and Cellar, Ger 010 K211 1990
Norman, Paul and Katherine Read. IALS Library Research Guide: Germany.
Staudegger, Elisabeth. Recht Online Gratis. New York: Springer, 2003.
Cellar, Comp 077 St29 2003
Essien, Victor. Researching Ghanian Law. June 2005.
Essien, Victor. Globalex. Researching Ghanian Law. June 2005.
Panezi, Maria. Globalex. A Description of the Structure of the Hellenic Republic, the Greek Legal System, and Legal Research. April 2006.
Rodriguez, Ana Cristina. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Guatemala. July 2006.
Alvarez, Jose Miguel. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Honduras.
Antal, Zsuzsanna. Globalex. Introduction to Hungarian Law Research. July 2005.
Tryggvadottir, Ran and Thordis Ingadottir. Globalex. Researching Icelandic Law.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: India.
Ramakrishnan, V. Globalex. Guide to Indian Laws. January 2006.
Tabalujan, Benny S. LLRX. The Indonesian Legal System. December 2, 2002.
Sial, Omar. Globalex. A Guide to the Legal System fo the Islamic Republic of Iran. March 2006.
Newell, Jill. IALS. Library Research Guide: Ireland.
O'Malley, Thomas. Sources of Law: An Introduction to Legal Research and Writing. 2nd Ed. Dublin: Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell, 2001.
4th Floor, KDK110 .O45 2001
Whelan, Darius. Globalex. Guide to Irish Law. June 2005.
Levush, Ruth. LLRX. Guide to the Israeli Legal System. October 1, 2001.
Levush, Ruth. Israel (Introductions to research in foreign law) Washington, D.C.: Law Library of Congress, 1992.
Cellar, Is 077 L579
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Israel.
Snyder, Esther M. Israel: A Legal Research Guide. (Legal Research Guides. Volume 37). Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 2000.
Tamir, Michal. Globalex. A Guide to Legal Research in Israel. August 2006.
Borruso, Renato and L. Mattioli. Computer E Documentazione Giuridica: Teoria E Pratica Della Ricerca: Guida Alla Consultazione Delle Banche Dati Istituzionali: Corte Suprema Di Cassazione, Senato Della Repubblica, Camera Dei Deputati, Istituto Poligrafico Dello Stato. Milano: A. Giuffre, c1999.
Cellar, It 059 B648 1999
Fameli, Elio and Fiorenza Socci. Globalex. Guide to Italian Legal Research and Resources on the Web. June 2006.
Ladu, Raffaele. LLRX. Update to Overview of the Sources of Italian Law. March 19, 2001.
Leonardi, Maria Teresa. LLRX. Italian National and Regional Legislative Resources Online.
Norman, Paul and Gillian Sands. IALS Library Research Guide: Italy.
Pascuzzi, Giovanni. Cyberdiritto: Guida Alle Banche Dati Italiane E Straniere, Alla Rete Internet E All'apprendimento Assistito Da Calcolatore. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1995.
Cellar, It 059 P263 1995
Britt, Rob. Japanese Legal Research at the University of Washington.
Ibusuki, Macoto.Globalex. Japanese Law via the Internet. September 2005.
Ito, Hirofumi. Horitsugaku No Tame No Konpyuta = Computer Aided Legal Research. Dai 1-han. Tokyo : Nihon Hyoronsha, 1997.
2nd Floor, Jpn 077 It6 1997
Tajima, Yutaka. Horitsu Joho No Kensaku To Ronbun No Kakikata. Tokyo: Maruzen, 1998.
2nd Floor, Jpn 077 T139 1998
Malinovskiy, Victor and Karim Shakirov. LLRX. A Legal Research Guide to Kazakhstan. June 3, 2002.
Stalbovsky, Oleg and Maria Stalbovskaya. Globalex. Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan: A Guide to Web Based Resources. October 2006.
Aloo, Leonard Obura and Tom Ojienda. Globalex. Researching Kenyan Law.
Goedde, Patricia. Globalex. Overview of the North Korean Legal System and Legal Research. January 2008.
Kim, Hyeon-Cheol and Inyoung Cho. Globalex. South Korean Law Research on the Internet. January 2008.
McCloy, Bill. Korean Legal Research at the University of Washington.
Battalova, Sania. Globalex. A Guide to the Legal System and Legal Research in the Kyrgyz Republic. March 2006.
Ceica, Ilona, Baiba Bebre and Ligita Vasermane. Globalex. Guide to Latvian Law and Legal Resources.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Lebanon.
Dube, Buhle Angelo. Globalex. The Law and Legal Research in Lesotho. February 2008.
Simpkins, John L. S. Globalex. Libya's Legal System and Legal Research. January 2008.
Metzler, Ted. LLRX. Mini Research Guide to the Law of Liechtenstein. June 28, 2002.
Norvaisaite, Elona. Globalex. A Guide to the Lithuanian Legal System and Research. January 2008.
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. Library Research Guide: Luxembourg.
Noordin, Shaikh Mohamed and Lim Pui Keng. Globalex. An Overview of Malaysian Legal System and Research. February 2008.
Touchent, Dahmène. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Mali. April 2005.
Avalos, Franciso and Elisa Donnadieu. Globalex. An Electronic Guide to Mexican Law. November, 2005.
Avalos, Francisco. The Mexican Legal System. 2nd ed. Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman, 2000.
Cellar, Sp.Mex 077 Av14 2000
Mendez, Jose-Juan. LLRX. Mexican Trademark and Copyright Law as it Applies to E-Commerce. March 19, 2001.
Underwood Law Library, Southern Methodist University. Mexican Legal Materials in English.
Vargas, Jorge A. LLRX. Electronic Guide to the Best Mexican Law Websites. January 19, 2004.
Harjevschi, Mariana and Svetlana Andritchi.Globalex. Performing Legal Research: the Moldovan Experience. February 2006.
Tseveen, Odgerel and Battsetseg Ganbold. Globalex. The Mongolian Legal System and Laws: A Brief Overview. January 2006.
Touchent, Dahmène. Globalex. Introduction to the Moroccan Legal System. April 2006.
Mwanza Geraldo, Geraldine and Isabella Skeffers. Globalex. Researching Namibian Law and the Namibian Legal System. December 2007.
Jansen, Oswald and George Middeldorp. Globalex. Researching Dutch Law. October 2007.
Norman, Paul. IALS. Library Research Guide: Netherlands.
Greville, Margaret. Globalex. An Introduction to New Zealand Law & Sources of Legal Information. August 2005.
Blandino, Magda Violeta. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Nicaragua.
Dina, Yemisi, John Akintayo & Funke Ekundayo. Globalex. Guide to Nigerian Legal Information.
Bertnes, Pål A. Legal Information in Norway. May 26, 2005.
Bertnes, Pål A. Sources to Legal Information in Norway. Oslo: Det juridiske bibliotekfond, 1991.
Cellar, Nor 077 B462 1991
Bertnes, Pal A.and Halvor Kongshavn. Praktisk Rettskildelaere: Juridisk Kildesoking I Norge, Ovrige Nordiske Land Og EF. Oslo : Det juridiske bibliotekfond: Ad Notam Gyldendal, 1992.
Cellar, Nor 077 B462 1992
Sial, Omar and Sahar Iqbal. Globalex. A Legal Research Guide to Pakistan. November, 2005.
Endress Gómez. Globalex. Essential Issues of the Peruvian Legal System. April 2005.
Gupit, Fortunato and Daniel T. Martinez. A Guide to Philippine Legal Materials: A Text on Philippine Legal Bibliography, Philippine Legal History, Philippine Legal System, Legal Philosophy, Methods of Legal Research. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 1993.
Cellar, Phil 077 G9595 1993
Santos-Ong, Milagros. Globalex. Philippine Legal Research. December 2007.
Rakowski, Piotr and Robert Rybicki. Globalex. An Overview of Polish Law.
Fidalgo de Freitas, Tiago. Globalex. Legal Research in Portugal: A Guide.
Neacşu, Dana. Globalex. Doing Legal Research in Romania.
Cox, Lucy. Globalex. Material on Russian Federation Law in English: Selection of Sources.
Konioukhova, Mariana. LLRX. A Guide to Russian Legal Research. June 30, 2003.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Russia.
Popova, Arina V. and Lev S. Solovyev. Globalex. A Guide to Legal Research in Russia.
Musiime, Eunice.Globalex. Rwanda's Legal System and Legal Materials.
Kabbah, Hanatu. Globalex. Sierra Leone Legal System and Legal Research.
Sam Sim, Tzi Yong. A Guide to the Singapore Legal System and Legal Research.
Čarni, Majaand Špela Košak. Globalex. A Guide to the Republic of Slovenia Legal System and Legal Research. September 2006.
Barrat, Amanda and Pamela Snyman. Globalex. Researching South African Law. March 2005.
Kleyn, Duard and Frans Viljoen. Beginner's Guide for Law Students. Kenwyn: Juta, 1995.
Cellar, So.Af 077 K679 1995
Cabrero, Olga. Globalex. Guide to Legal Research in Spain. February 2005.
Newell, Jill. IALS. Library Research Guide: Spain.
Parmar, Sharanjeet. Globalex. An Overview of the Sudanese Legal System and Legal Research.
Kabir, Ingrid. Globalex. Swedish Law on the Internet.
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: Sweden.
Bovey, Gregory M. Globalex. The Swiss Legal System and Research.
Dumoulin, Jean-Francois and Gabriel Frossard. Les Sources du Droit, la Documentation Juridique et L'informatique Documentaire: Introduction aux Sources Documentaires du Droit Suisse. Bale: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, c1992.
Cellar, Swi 077 D899 1992
Tercier, Pierre. La Recherche et la Redaction en Droit Suisse. Fribourg, Suisse: Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse, c1991.
Cellar, Swi 077 T271
Walther, Fridolin M.R. LLRX. Update to Introduction to the Swiss Legal System: A Guide for Foreign Researchers. September 29, 2003.
McCloy, Bill. Taiwan Legal Research at the University of Washington.
Bozorova, Nargis. LLRX. Researching Tajik Law: A Guide to the Tajik Legal System. April 1, 2002.
Nyanduga, Bahame Tom. Globalex. Guide to Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research.
Touchent, Dahmène. Globalex. A Guide to the Tunisian Legal System. August 2005.
Yazici, Serpa. Globalex. A Guide to the Turkish Public Law Order and Legal Research. September 2006.
Stalbovsky, Oleg and Maria. Globalex. A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System. June 2006.
Mahoro, Brenda. Globalex. Uganda's Legal System and Legal Sector. August 2006.
The Albert Sloman Library, University of Essex. English Law Guide.
Carter, Sarah. Globalex. A Guide to the UK Legal System. November 2005.
Duke University School of Law Library. English Law.
Holborn, Guy. Butterworths Legal Research Guide. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 2001.
Reference, KD392 .H65 2001
Library of Congress. Legal Research Guide: United Kingdom.
Norman, Paul. IALS Library Research Guide: United Kingdom.
Stott, David. Legal Research. 2nd Ed. London: Cavendish Pub., c1999.
4th Floor, KD392 .S76 1999
Thomas, Philip A. Dane & Thomas, How to Use a Law Library: An Introduction to Legal Skills. 4th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.
3d floor, Reference, KD392 .D36 2001
Warren, Suzanne. Legal Research in England and Wales. Rev. Ed. Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire: Legal Information Resources Ltd., 1996.
Reference, KD392 .J43 1996
Young, Stephen. LLRX. Devolution in the United Kingdom: A Revolution in Online Legal Research. June 1, 2001.
Dudley, Miriam. "Legal Research in Northern Ireland." 27 Law Librarian 144. September 1996.
4th Floor, P L4158
Colquhoun, James W. Finding the Law: A Handbook for Scots. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1999.5th Floor, KDC200 .C65 1999
Mackey, D. D. How to Use a Scottish Law Library. Edinburgh: W. Green/Sweet & Maxwell, 1992.Reference, KDC200 .M33 1992
Stevenson, Valerie. Legal Research in Scotland. Rev. Ed. Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire: Legal Information Resources Ltd., 1997.Reference, KDC200 .D84 1997
Biryukov, Alexancer and Myroslava Kryvonos. Globalex. A Research Guide to Ukrainian Law. March 2006.
Petrov, Roman A. and Loukas A. Mistelis. Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. Central and East Europe Legal Systems and Legal Information: An Introduction. General Information on Legal Sources in Ukraine.
Stalbovskaya, Maria S. Globalex. A Guide to Legal Research in Uzbekistan. October 2007.
Ramirez, Antonio. Globalex. An Introduction to Venezuelan Governmental Institutions and Primary Legal Soruces. May 2006.
Luu, Anh. Globalex. Vietnam Legal Research. July 2006.
Saki, Otto and Tatenda Chiware. Globalex. The Law in Zimbabwe.
Please send comments or suggestions regarding this list to Silke Sahl, International, Foreign and Comparative Law Librarian, Columbia University, Arthur W. Diamond Law Library.
